![]() No maskhara was ever sent to the gallows or put behind the bars by the rulers. In the same manner, the maskhara (Persian for a jester from the root Masakh in Pahalavi: To show the path in jest) in Persian courts had the right to scribble qafreen (humorous poems with profound messages, criticising even the rulers and influential people in the kingdom) before the kings. On the contrary, he admired how the latter made the king and courtiers aware of the situation and the state of affairs in the kingdom. ![]() The king never felt offended by Tenali Rama’s banters and witticisms. In Southern India, Tenali Rama would often criticise the king Krishnadevaraya in the court, albeit in a veiled fashion and a bantering style. The emperor would also get a hint and immediately do the needful. Raja Birbal was a court jester who’d often pull the leg of Emperor Akbar in the court and draw his attention to wrong decisions and transgressions, through his well-timed banters. The jibes of court jesters used to drive home the point in a witty manner and kings never took umbrage at their criticisms and taunts. Courtesy: Īnd because of their sense of wit, wisdom and humour, kings in ancient times appointed them in courts as the kingdom’s moral watchdogs and guardians. Since a vidwan is always very serious and sombre and hardly laughs, a counter-species came into being, who had the rare combination of learning and laughing going hand-in-hand! Vidushakam vidwatam, hasya-parihasam (A jester is a learned man who presents his point of view in a humorous fashion). Suggested credit line: Library of Congress, Music Division.By the way, a jester is called vidushak in Sanskrit and it actually originated from the word vidwan (a learned man). Please contact: Performing Arts Reading Room. The Library of Congress would like to learn more about these materials and would like to hear from individuals or institutions that have any additional information or know of their history. In some cases, the Library was unable to identify a possible rights holder and has elected to place some of those items online as an exercise of fair use for strictly non-commercial educational uses. In those cases, only thirty-second excerpts of sound recordings and one or two pages of print or manuscript materials are used. While every effort has been made to obtain permission to use these songs or portions of these songs, in some cases, the rights' owner may have only granted permission to use a portion of the material online. ![]() Items included here with the permission of the rights holders are indicated as such in the bibliographic record for each item. This catalog data provides the details known to the Library of Congress regarding the corresponding items and may assist users in making independent assessments of the legal status of these items as related to their desired uses. Users should consult the bibliographic information that accompanies each item for specific information. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item. There may be content that is protected as "works for hire" (copyright may be held by the party that commissioned the original work) and/or under the copyright or neighboring-rights laws of other nations. ![]() The written permission of the copyright owners and/or other rights holders (such as holders of publicity and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution, reproduction, or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. The Library of Congress provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes and makes no warranty with regard to their use for other purposes. ![]()
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